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  TB106: A Transshipment Model of the Maine Milk Industry

  Stuart McLean, Alan S. Kezis, James Fitzpatrick, and Homer B. Metzger

  A model was developed that included the cost of assembly, processing, and wholesale distribution of Class I milk within the state of Maine. Solution of the model with parameter values appropriate to current costs associated with these three aspects of the milk market yielded an achievable least cost allocation for performing the assembly, processing, and distribution of milk, adequate to meet demand, throughout the state. It is hoped that the model will prove a powerful planning and diagnostic tool.

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  TB107: Effects of Some Naturally Occurring Chemicals and Extracts of Non-Host Plants on Feeding by Spruce Budworm Larvae (Choristoneura fumiferana)

  M. D. Bentley, D. E. Leonard, S. Leach, and E. Reynolds

  The authors of this report describe a new laboratory feeding bioassay and its application to the investigation of the effect of a large number of plant extracts and various natural products on feeding by sixth stage spruce budworms.

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  TB108: Chemical and Physical Properties of the Becket, Colton, Finch, Lyman, Masardis, Naumburg, and Skerry Soil Mapping Units

  R. V. Rourke and D. C. Bull

  Soil morphology and soil characterization studies were done on seven soil mapping units in Maine. Soil profiles were selected, described and sampled jointly by soil scientists from the Soil Conservation Service, USDA and the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. Chemical and physical measurements of each soil mapping unit were made in the laboratory. Soil profile description and the laboratory determinations are presented for each sample site.

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  TB102: A Markov Analysis of Structural Change and Output Prediction in the New England Egg Industry

  Steven P. Skinner

  The purpose of this study is to examine changes in the size distribution of egg farms as a Markov process in the three-state region consisting of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. In 1978 these three states together received cash receipts of 83 million dollars from egg sales. In addition to examining the size distribution of farms, the occurrence of a marked structural change in the egg industry during the period 1967 to 1978 is statistically tested. Also, the future size distribution of egg farms, total number of layers, and egg output are projected.

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  TB103: Factors Determining Potato Chipping Quality

  Therese M. Work, Alan S. Kezis, and Ruth H. true

  The purpose of this investigation was (1) to investigate the relationship of four potato varieties, the sucrose content at harvest, storage temperatures, and the length of storage time to the color of chips from potatoes grown in central Maine and (2) to develop an equation that will help forecast the potential chipping qualit y of potatoes grown in central Maine

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  TB100: The Aquatic Insects of the Narraguagus River, Hancock and Washington Counties, Maine

  Terry M. Mingo and K. Elizabeth Gibbs

  This technical bulletin presents an inventory of the aquatic insects of the Narraguagus River in Hancock and Washington counties, Maine. The list is arranged phylogenetically by order and alphabetically within each order

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  TB101: The Relevance of Option Value in Benefit-Cost Analysis

  Stephen D. Reiling and Mark W. Anderson

  This publication represents a review and a critical re-evaluation of the literature dealing with option value. This literature is rich and dynamic and provides a fascinating sequence of articles, comments, and rebuttals. Reevaluation of the concept requires a rather comprehensive review of this literature, which is something that has not been provided to date. The literature review is also important because the work of some authors has been systematically overlooked in the course of the debate. As a result of this oversight, the original formulation of the concept continues to be cited in the literature even though its practical significance is doubtful.

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  TB97: Evapotranspiration from Vegetative Surfaces in Maine

  Stewart M. Goltz

  Diurnal evapotranspiration measurements were made over lowbush blueberries and potatoes in Maine during selected portions of the 1977 and 1978 growing seasons. Half hourly measurements were made using a Bowen ratio-energy budget method. Data from these measurements provided the principal energy budget components, an evaluation of potential evapotranspiration, and an array of diagnostic measures used to evaluate the partitioning of available energy into sensible and latent heat. Evapotranspiration rarely reached potential values and a large variability was found to exist. In an attempt to provide a reliable daily estimate of evapotranspiration from potatoes, using a minimum number of environmental measurements, the equilibrium evaporation equation of Priestly and Taylor was examined. A modified version of this equation, incorporating a soil moisture tension term to account for drying soil conditions, was established to predict daily evapotranspiration rates.

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  TB98: Oxygen Diffusion Rate Relationships under Three Soil Conditions

  J. Bornstein, W. E. Hedstrom, and F. R. Scott

  The objective of this study was to determine the oxygen diffusion rate (ODR)—soil moisture relationship for three sieved, root-free soils to determine if there are basic ODR-soil characteristic differences that might influence data at different soil water contents in the presence of plant roots. Advanced knowledge of ODR-soil moisture relationships would also help scientists to evaluate the effect of variation in the water table on plant growth.

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  TB99: Flora of Oxford County, Maine

  Christopher S. Campbell and Leslie M. Eastman

  This is a study of the vascular plants occurring in Oxford County, Maine. Plants with vascular or conductive tissue (kingdom Plantae, division Tracheophyta) include the ferns and their "allies" (horsetails and lycopods) and the seed-bearing plants. Our aim has been to determine which plants occur in the county and, based on herbarium collections and observations, their habitat preferences, frequency of occurrence, and geographic distribution. We have also endeavored to explain the nature of the flora first in terms of the various factors which influence its composition and second by grouping the plants into the most important natural associations.

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  TB80: Scanning Electron Microscopy of Insects: Techniques for the Novice

  G. P. Hosking, N. P. Kutscha, and F. B. Knight

  The scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been used to detail the morphology of small insects; however, it is often difficult for the novice to obtain acceptable results without time-consuming and costly experimentation. This brief paper outlines some of the techniques and problems encountered in an examination of the balsam bark beetle Pityokteines sparsus (Le Conte ) and the hymenopterous parasitoid Brachymeria intermedia (Nees). The information presented herein is mainly for the benefit of individuals wishing to use the SEM but having little or no experience concerning the special problems associated with the photography of insect specimens, and may form a base from which reasonable results can be obtained after limited experimentation.

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  TB89: Motor and Elective Activity of the Duodenum of Broilers

  C. MBA-Mezoui, F. H. Bird, and C. B. Chawan

  Recordings of pressure changes and electrical activity from the proximal small intestine of seven to eight-week-old unanesthetized chickens were made with chronically implanted transducers. The recordings were used to quantitate and determine the relationships among basic electric rhythm (BER), spike potentials (SP), and intestinal contractions (IC) of the duodenum. The omnipresence of the BER was demonstrated. SP were recorded whenever IC were detected. SP numbers and amplitudes were directly related to the strength of IC. Acetylcholine caused a general increase in the number and amplitude of both SP and IC. Epinephrine completely abolished both SP and IC. The results suggest that BER may represent the stimulus that initiates SP, and therefore, IC of the duodenum.

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  TB90: The Effects of Spraying with Sevin-4-Oil® on Insect Pollinators and Pollination in a Spruce-Fir Forest

  E. R. Miliczky and E. A. Osgood

  The use of chemical insecticides is presently accepted as the most effective means of keeping damage by spruce budworm in Maine at an acceptable level. Unfortunately, broad-spectrum chemicals such as Sevin-4-oil® affect non-target organisms as well, and this can have serious consequences. The significance of these effects can only be determined by monitoring populations of non-target organisms and assessing the overall impact on the environment. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of operational spraying of carbaryl insecticide, Sevin-4-oil® on the abundance of insect pollinators in a spruce-fir forest.

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  TB91: The Effect of Acidity, Organic Matter, and Sesquioxide Polymers on the Permanet Charge and pH-Dependent Cation Exchange Capacity of the Caribou Loam Soil.

  D. N. Brown and F. E. Hutchinson

  In this study the components of cation exchange capacity (CEC) were measured in an acid spodosol to determine (1) the increase in KC1-CEC in the whole soil when limed, (2) the contribution of the organic fraction to CEC, and (3) the magnitude of CEC reduction by Al and Fe polymers.

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  TB92: The Aquatic Insects of the St. John River Drainage of Aroostook County, Maine

  T. M. Mingo, David L. Courtemanch, and K. Elizabeth Gibbs

  In September, 1977, an aquatic insect survey of the St. John River drainage was conducted. The objectives were to provide information on the existing fauna in the area of the proposed Dickey-Lincoln School Lakes hydro-electric project and to form the basis for predicting changes in the fauna should implementation of the proposed project take place. The results of that survey form the basis for this bulletin. The only additional information on the fauna of this river comes from a survey of organisms in the gut content of brook trout taken from the St. John River drainage between the Little Black River and Fort Kent during 1975-1976.

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  TB93: The Impact of Price Deregulation and Changes in Assembly and Processing Costs on the Marketing of Milk in Maine

  Daniel Taylor, Gregory White, Homer Metzger, and Alan Kezis

  Simulation of marketing situations is a means of better understanding the impact of various changes which may or may not come about in an industry. This report reflects the impact of several assumptions about market situations in the dairy industry, many of which depart from existing conditions. A major assumption was that of complete price deregulation. The results are not considered final, but are offered as indicators of the impact of changes which may take place in the marketing of mil k in Maine.

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  TB94: Chemical and Physical Properties of the Boothbay, Brayton, Croghan, Monarda, Plaisted, Scantic, and Swanville Soil Mapping Units

  R. V. Rourke and K. A. Schmidt

  Seven soil mapping units were each sampled at five locations within Maine. The morphology of the soil was described at each site. The profiles were sampled on a horizonal basis from the soil surface to a depth of 100 cm. The soil samples were taken to the laboratory where their chemical and physical properties were determined. Weighted means and weighted standard deviations were determined for several soil properties. Soil profile descriptions and chemical and physical soil data are presented for each sample site.

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  TB95: The Black Flies of Maine

  L. S. Bauer and J. Granett

  Black flies have been long-time residents of Maine and cause extensive nuisance problems for people, domestic animals, and wildlife. The black fly problem has no simple solution because of the multitude of species present, the diverse and ecologically sensitive habitats in which they are found, and the problems inherent in measuring the extent of the damage they cause. To improve the understanding of the nature of the black fly problem, an inventory of black fly species and habitats was made throughout the state. Previous black fly surveys in Maine have been geographically limited. In the present survey, black flies were collected extensively throughout the state from 1976 through 1978. Presented here is an annotated list of species found, records of black fly species swarming around humans or biting humans, and the succession of species in selected streams and rivers.

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  TB96: A Prediction Model for Maine's Potato Production

  Alan S. Kezis, Michael Hammig, and Marc Ribaudo

  For a state whose economy is significantly dependent on the health of the potato industry, a mechanism to forecast the expected level of production with a reasonable degree of accuracy could be a valuable tool for economic analysis and planning. The objective of this study is to develop an econometric model to predict production using selected data which are available well before the crop is harvested.

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  TB88: Descriptive and Comparative Studies of Maine Lakes

  Ronald B. Davis, John H. Bailey, Matthew Scott, and Stephen A. Norton

  This is a descriptive and comparative study of 17 lakes in Maine. The major objectives of this study are (1) to characterize the pelagial zone of the lakes physically, chemically, and biologically, (2) to assess bacterial pollution, (3) to compare the lakes to each other and classify them trophically, and (4) to compare the lakes to others in different geographic regions.

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  TB85: A New Potato Scab Problem in Maine

  F. E. Manzer, G. A. McIntyre, and D. C. Merriam

  The scientific literature is filled with conflicting reports on the development of the common scab disease of potatoes and its causal organism. One unresolved question is soil reaction, once thought to be the answer in controlling this disease. Scientific studies an d practical experience over a long period had shown that acid soils having a pH of approximately 5.3 or below usually did not support common scab development, though sporadic and unexplained reports of disease occurrence in these soils were observed. In the late 1950s, however, such reports became more frequent in Maine and before the mid-1960s, losses relate d to scabb y potatoes growing in acid soils were common. Throughout this period overall crop losses from the disease were minimal even though individual growers sometimes lost a large par t of their crop. During the dry 1970 growing season, however, a disease survey estimated that up to 5% of the Maine crop was scabby. Studies of this new form of scab and observations on its development within the state are reported herein.

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  TB86: Waterfowl populations as Related to Habitat Changes in Bog Wetlands of the Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge

  Stewart I. Fefer

  The response of waterfowl populations to marsh management on the Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge in eastern Maine was evaluated. The objectives were (1) to estimate populations of breeding waterfowl in 1974 and 1975 and compare these numbers with trends of the past 30 years and (2) to interpret these trends in relation to vegetative and other environmental changes that have occurred. The long-term trend of black duck numbers on the primary study areas was downward. Fluctuating water levels, advanced plant succession and a decrease in the number of open-water areas were factors contributing to the decline. Breeding populations of ring-necked ducks generally increased in sedge wetland because of the preference of that species to nest in floating sedge-bog mat which became more available to the birds due to changes in water levels. By contrast, ring-necked ducks decreased throughout the period in shrub wetland because of the adverse effects of plant succession.

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  TB87: Delivery Costs per Package on Wholesale Milk Routes: A Comparison of Two Methods of Cost Allocation

  Nicholas E. Flanders and Homer B. Metzger

  This study of milk delivery operations was undertaken to develop labor relatives for different packages and to compare unit costs of delivery computed by using these relatives. A principal issue was whether variable direct labor was a better measure than total direct labor for allocating costs to various packages. Delivery operations on milk routes were timed to determine the amount of labor used in performing various functions in serving wholesale customers. This route information and the financial information on dealer delivery operations comprised the data base for the analyses.

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  TB79: The Economic Impact of Expanding the Federal Milk Order into Northern New England

  Homer Metzger and Fred Webster

  This study was undertaken to (1) gather data on current marketing situations including milk volume and utilization, prices paid to producers, and rates charged for hauling milk in the federal order and state order areas, and (2) to determine the economic and related impacts of expanding the Boston regional order into Northern New England. Emphasis was placed upon the expected impact on producers but implications for milk dealers and consumers also were considered. The main focus was on Maine and Vermont situations but some data were also collected on the non-federal order markets of New Hampshire and Massachusetts.

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  TB81: Investigations on the Life History and Habits of Pityokteines sparsus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

  G. P. Hosking and F. B. Knight

  The primary objectives of this study are (1) to investigate the life history of Pityokteines sparsus (LeConte) in the Oxbow area of northern Maine; (2) to study the seasonal and daily flight behavior of the insect; (3) to investigate the food energy relations of the species.

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  TB82: The Potential of Softwood Thinnings and Standing Dead Softwoods as a Source of Wood Pulp

  Andrew J. Chase and Harold F. Young

  This study was made to determine the potential of softwood thinnings and standing dead softwood as a source of wood pulp, employing the kraft process. In the thinning studies examined eastern white pine, eastern hemlock, balsam fir, norway spruce, red pine, eastern larch, and northern white cedar. The stem (wood and bark) and the top (wood, bark, and needles) and the stem and top combined were pulped. When compared with pulp from a commercial-size softwood species, the thinnings provided pulps of good strength that were slightly undercooked and that had significantly lower yields. The stem portion pulps were superior in all cases to those made from the top portion. This is attributed to the foliage and higher bark content of the branches of the top which resulted in relatively low yields. The brief study of the characteristics of standing dead softwood trees, either killed by fire or natural attrition, indicated that they compare favorably with the live thinnings as a source of pulp when yield and physical properties are the criteria. It was concluded from this study that 35-4 0 percent of the thinnings material is available as a good grade of wood pulp.

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  TB83: Insecticidal Control of Potato Infesting Aphids in Northeastern Maine

  Geddes W. Simpson and R. H. Storch

  Aphid populations for the growing seasons of 1970, 1971, and 197 2 were variable. It is possible, however, to rate the efficacy of the various insecticides tested in controlling potato-infesting aphids in northeastern Maine. Soil applications of aldicarb and DS 15,647 and foliar application of acephate were the most effective materials tested. The insecticides phosmet (foliar) and phoxim (soil) did not provide much protection against potato-infesting aphids in these tests. Bayer 77,049, parathion, Penick SBP 1382, Sandoz-Wander 52,139 and Uniroyal 840 did not provide effective control of potato-infesting aphids at the rates used in these tests. All other insecticides tested adequately controlled aphid populations, but their effects on the spread of leaf roll varied. Some of the materials tested were experimental materials and not all are available for commercial use.

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  TB84: Controlling the Saratoga Spittlebug in Young Red Pine Plantations by Removal of Alternate Hosts

  J. P. Linnane and E. A. Osgood

  The Saratoga spittlebug, Aphrophora saratogensis (Fitch), is a major pest of young red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait. ) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb. ) plantations in the Lake States, Ontario, and more recently in the Northeast. Although insecticides are successful in controlling the Saratoga spittlebug, the biology of the insect raises the possibility of an alternative method of control. The spittlebug requires an alternate host to complete its nymphal development. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using herbicides to control nymphal host plants of the spittlebug in red pine plantations.

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  TB74: Eastern Spruce Flakeboard Resin Distribution and Decorative Panel Evaluation

  Robert A. Kelly, Norman P. Kutscha, and Craig E. Shuler

  A standard urea-formaldehyde liquid adhesive was used in the manufacture of eastern spruce flakeboard panels. The resin application system, resin viscosity, furnish moisture content, and application period were all conducive to the formation of a fine resin spray. The average resin droplet diameter was approximately 20 microns, while the average resin are a coverage, over the entire wood furnish, was 8.05%. Resin distribution in the microscopically observed panel specimens appeared in the form of “spot-welds” and intermittent glue lines. The use of various histological and commercial stains was effective in producing decorative panels.

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  TB75: Chemical and Physical Properties of the Bangor, Dixmont, Caribou, Conant, Perham and Daigle Soil Mapping Units

  R. V. Rourke and R. Bangs

  Bangor, Dixmont, Caribou, Conant, Perham, and Daigle soils were each sampled a t five locations. The morphology of the soils was described. The chemical and physical properties were determined on an horizonal basis for each location in the laboratory. Weighted means of the properties were presented in 20-cm. depth ranges. Changes in classification and nomenclature of the soils were proposed.

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  TB76: Production of Entomophthora Resting Spores for Biological Control of Aphids

  R. S. Soper, F. R. Holbrook, I. Majachrowicz, and C. C. Gordon

  This publication describes a technique for producing Entomophthora resting spores for biological control of aphids. The report includes information on media preparation and inoculation and extraction and purification of the resting spores.

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  TB77: Paths Out of Poverty: Research in the Northeast

  William H. Groff, James W. Longest, and Louis A. Ploch

  This publication presents summaries of poverty research done under the aegis of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the agricultural experiment stations of eight cooperating land grant universities in the Northeast. The project was designated as Paths Out of Poverty and was identified as NE-68. While there is a general introduction, as well as introductions to the two main sections and a concluding summary, the major focus of the publication is the summaries of the various research projects. The reader is directed to the list of references following the entries of the individual states. In most cases reference is made to publications which present the summarized data in more detail.

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  TB78: Food Habits and Body Measurements of Mourning Doves in Southwestern Maine

  Sanford D. Schemnitz

  This study presents the first published information on the food in the crops of Maine mourning doves collected at the Western Maine Forest Nursery at Fryeburg. The main food was conifer seed (54. 6 percent volume). Red and white pine totaled 37. 6 percent of foods consumed. Corn and goosefoot comprised an additional 30.9 percent by volume in the diet. The heavy use of conifer seed by doves in a nursery suggests the need to treat the seed with a repellent. Maine doves were longer in total length than doves from New York and several southern states. The sex ratio of doves in the samples was heavily distorted to males.

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  TB67: Pilot Study of the Use of Pulpwood Chipping Residue for Producing Particleboard in Maine

  Craig E. Shuler

  The study was conducted at the School of Forest Resources, University of Maine at Orono, as part of an extended project on the use of northeastern species for particleboard. This particular investigation served as a means to establish a laboratory board-production system, and to gather useful information regarding a specific wood resource of the state of Maine.

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  TB69: Variability of Drought in the Northeast

  Eliot Epstein

  Drought has been defined in many different terms and interpreted in different ways by meteorologists, hydrologists, and agriculturists. Essentially, the interpretation has depended on the means of evaluation. Hydrologists are essentially concerned with precipitation and runoff and often defines drought as a given period without rain. Agriculturists define drought in terms of soil moisture as related to crop growth. This publication presents many different graphs and maps on precipitation, evapotranspiration, and soil-plant relationships.

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  TB70: Physical and Chemical Changes Associated with the Development of the Lowbush Blueberry Fruit Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.

  Amr A. Ismail and Walter J. Kender

  The objective of this investigation was to determine the growth characteristics, changes in the soluble solids, pH, and titratable acidity for the purpose of defining and describing stages in the growth of the blueberry fruit.

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  TB71: Fiber Analysis and Distribution in the Leaves, Juvenile Stems and Roots of Ten Maine Trees and Shrubs

  Fay Hyland

  The value of woody plants in the paper-making industry is unquestioned. As our present supply of the readily accessible and more valuable species of this natural resource dwindles, it may become necessary to use shrubs and waste from logging operations. This study focuses on the juvenile wood eastern white pine, red spruce, balsam fir, eastern hemlock, gray birch, red maple, quaking aspen, pin cherry, speckled alder, and slender willow.

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  TB72: Selection for Type and Milk Production in Dairy Cattle

  Howard C. Dickey

  This publication discusses milk production in dairy cattle, then explains type improvement, then describes one can select for both type and production with the aid of a chart.

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  TB73: Estimating Heat Consumption in Kiln Drying Lumber

  James E. Shottafer and Craig E. Shuler

  This report presents one method for systematically estimating heat consumption in a dry kiln. The basis for evaluating heat use is presented along with a description of the specific elements of heat consumption. All necessary physical relationships are described in detail for those who wish to employ them. One point of interest here is the fact that the system described will readily lend itself to the construction of a mathematical model.

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  TB78: Sequential Surveys of the Pine Leaf Chermid, Pineus pinifoliae

  John B. Dimond

  Sequential survey procedures are described for classifying damage to white pine produced by the pine leaf chermid. Damage classes are based on degree of needle stunting, and field procedures for making measurements are given. Survey procedures are also presented for classifying infestation levels of two stages of the insect. These allow prediction of damage levels before damage occurs.

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  TB63: Variation in Foliar Nutrient Concentrations in Red Spruce

  C. E. Schomaker

  Red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) is an important pulpwood species in northern New England and Canada. Management objectives favor this species and the closely related black spruce (Picea mariana Mill. BSP) on many sites. Foliar nutrient concentrations of unfertilized, economically mature, red spruce trees growing on four different sites and over two- and three-year periods are presented here and compared to foliar concentrations reported by other scientists.

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  TB64: Low Temperature Injury to Apple Trees in Maine

  M. T. Hilborn and W. C. Stiles

  This technical bulletin presents an overview of low temperature injury to apple trees. They describe the winter killing of apple trees in Maine in 1933-34 and describe hardy trunk forming stocks. They also report on a trial orchard at Highmoor Farm for trunk-forming stock and the influence of stock-scion combination on hardiness. They end with five recommendations for apple growers.

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  TB65: The Commercial Use of Puckerbrush Pulp

  Andrew J. Chase, Fay Hyland, and Harold E. Young

  This study investigates the potential of several local puckerbrush or weed trees and shrubs as sources of fiber for papermaking. Four different pulping processes were used (sulfate, magnesium bisulfite, neutral sulfite semichemical, and cold caustic) with six puckerbrush species (alder, gray birch, red maple, pin cherry, aspen, and willow). Mixtures of puckerbrush species, and commercial chip-puckerbrush species mixtures were pulped by the sulfate process with the objective of producing a pulp that would be suitable for fine-grade papers. The results produced a good grade of bleachable pulp with adequate physical characteristics for most fine paper grades. The other three pulping processes were used to produce higher yield pulps suitable for coarse grades of paper and paperboard. The magnesium bisulfite process produced a pulp in the 50 percent yield category but did not adequately pulp the bark. The neutral sulfite semichemical process gave a relatively high yield of a pulp that compared favorably to commercial pulps used in the manufacture of corrugating board. The cold caustic pulping process resulted in high yields of a pulp that had many of the characteristics of pulp from commercial hardwood chips.

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  TB66: A List of the Lepidoptera of Maine: Part 1 Macrolepidoptera

  Auburn E. Brower, James W. Longest, and Louis A. Ploch

  The first volume in the Lepidoptera of Maine series. This one focuses on the Macrolepidoptera.

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  TB44: The Fluorescent Antibody Technique in the Diagnosis of Avian Encephalomyelitis

  Louis van der Heide

  This publication provides an overview of avian encephalomyelitis including a description of the disease and its geographical distribution. The authors also discuss various methods for diagnosing the disease and losses in egg production during outbreaks.

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  TB51: Seasonal History of the Buckthorn Aphid and Suitability of Alder-Leaved Buckthorn as a Primary Host in Northeastern Maine

  W. A. Shands and Geddes W. Simpson

  The buckthorn aphid, Aphis nasturtii Kaltenbach, is one of four species of aphids commonly infesting potatoes, Solarium tuberosum L., in Maine. It is widely distributed over the northeastern part of the United States and is a pest of potatoes elsewhere in the world, including parts of England and Europe. The other three species of potato-infesting aphids in Maine are the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas ) and the foxglove aphid, Acyrthosiphon solani (Kaltenbach).

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  TB52: Seasonal Population Trends and Productiveness of the Potato Aphid on Swamp Rose in Northeastern Maine

  W. A. Shands, Geddes W. Simpson, and H. E. Wave

  Studies were conducted in northeastern Maine to determine seasonal population trends and productiveness of the potato aphid on swamp rose. The results presented and discussed concern chiefly chronological and phenological aspects of the utilization of swamp rose as a primary host of the aphid; time-temperature developmental requirements of the aphid in spring; productiveness of the aphid in caged colonies on swamp rose in spring; population trends of the aphid on naturally occurring, undisturbed swamp rose in spring and in fall; populations of aphid eggs on swamp rose in November and again in mid-April of the following year; and a comprehensive assessment of the probable usefulness of results from surveys of abundance of the aphids or aphid eggs on swamp rose in making advanced estimates of abundance of the potato aphid on potatoes.

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  TB53: The Suitability of Certain Stains for Studying Lignification in Balsam Fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill

  Norman Kutscha and James R. Gray

  An investigation was conducted to examine the suitability of ten staining reactions for studying lignification in balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Two experiments were carried out on material collected on two different dates. In each experiment slides of fresh, FAA-killed and FAA-killed celloldin-embedded material of normal and compression wood were stained and evaluated.

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  TB54: Importance of Arthropod Predators in Controlling Aphids on Potatoes in Northeastern Maine

  W. A. Shands, Geddes W. Simpson, H. E. Wave, and C. C. Gordon

  From 1942 to 1969, concurrent studies were made to identify and assess the importance of biological agents affecting abundance of the potato-infesting species of aphids in northeastern Maine. These authors report the results of studies relating to arthropod predators of aphids on the potato crop, principally from 1952 through 1969.

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  TB55: Food Lists of Hippodamia (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

  W. L. Vaundell and R. H. Storch

  Food lists for Hippodamia iredecimpunctata (Linnaeus) and the genus Hippodamia as reported in the literature are given. A complete list of citations is included.