Technical Bulletins

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  TB155: Chemical and Physical Properties of the Chesuncook, Colonel, Dixfield, and Telos Soil Map Units

  R. V. Rourke

  Changes in Soil Taxonomy in 1992 resulted in reclassification of the Chesuncook and Dixfield soils. Taxonomic placement of the Telos and Colonel soils was not changed. Soil morphology and laboratory analyses were completed for five replicates of each soil map unit. Weighted averages were developed from laboratory data to define the chemical and physical characteristics of each map unit. Data for individual sites and soils are presented.

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  TB156: Woody Landscape Plant Cold-Hardiness Ratings

  Paul E. Cappiello and Lyle E. Littlefield

  The Lyle E. Littlefield Ornamentals Trial Garden has served as an excellent choice for testing winter survival of landscape plants. It is located on approximately 5 hectares of land comprising the highest elevation and windiest site on Marsh Island. The site is in USDA hardiness zone 4a. The soil is highly variable, ranging from a fine sandy loam to marine clay, with many stones throughout. In general, most plants are cultivated in beds mulched with mixed soft wood bark from a local mill. Plants receive supplemental irrigation during the first two seasons after planting, and thereafter irrigation is supplied only during periods of severe drought. Pest control is primarily nonchemical in nature. No plants have been given winter protection other than mulch.

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  TB157: Capture, Care, and Handling of Fishers (Martes pennanti)

  Herbert C. Frost and William B. Krohn

  These authors brought fishers into captivity to assess the reproductive cycles of both sexes and to monitor females with known reproductive histories. In addition, kits born in captivity were raised to sexual maturity to monitor growth and development. Here they report on the rates at which fishers were caught, the care and maintenance of fishers while in captivity, and the handling procedures used with 44 fishers taken from the wild and 38 fishers conceived in the wild and born in captivity, during the period from 1990 to 1993.

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  TB158: Milk Processing and Distribution Costs: Maine 1993

  Stephan C. Howick, George K. Criner, and Stephen L. Jacobs

  The objective of this study is to provide an updated estimate of the theoretically lowest achievable costs of processing and distributing milk in Maine. Costs are estimated for a state-of-the-art processing plant assumed to be located in the Portland, Maine, area. The plant produces and distributes a full line of products, including white milk, chocolate milk, and orange juice, and distributes additional products such as cheeses and yogurts.

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  TB159: Drought and Cold Stress-Induced Morphometric Changes in Tree Rings of Red Spruce

  Richard Jagels, James Hornbeck, and Susan Marden

  Morphometric analysis of individual, key growth rings might provide a way of establishing “fingerprints” or unique patterns for growth rings produced following different natural or anthropogenic stresses.

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  TB150: Water Tables, Soil Temperatures, and Morphological Characteristics in Selected Maine Soils

  Paul A. Hughes, Krysztof A. Lesniewicz, and Robert V. Rouke

  Water table and soil temperature data were collected from 34 soil map units representing 17 different soil series in Maine. Soil morphology was also described at each site. Water table height, soil temperature, and morphological data are presented for each map unit studied. Relationships between water table heights and duration, and the morphological characteristics of the soils are discussed.

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  TB153: A Long-Term Study of an Oak Pine Forest Ecosystem: Techniques Manual for the Holt Research Forest

  Jack W. Witham, Elizabeth H. Moore, Malcolm L. Hunter Jr., and Alan J. Kimball

  The manual is a compilation of the study techniques used for the long-term forest ecosystem research project at the Holt Research Forest in Arrowsic, Maine, plus brief evaluations of each method's advantages and drawbacks. It is based on 12 years of work by a team of three university professors, an associate scientist who has lived on the forest since 1983, a research assistant, several graduate students, and numerous undergraduate field assistants. We hope this manual will be useful to other researchers planning, or already involved in, other forest ecosystem studies.

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  TB141: Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on Growth and Value of Eastern White Pine Sawlog Stands on Till and Outwash Soils

  Robert K. Shepard and Gregory A. Reams

  Diameter growth response functions were developed using data collected from nitrogen fertilization study plots in eastern white pine stands on till and outwash soils. These functions were combined with height measurements and used to evaluate stand volume and value growth. White pine diameter growth functions were developed for application rates of 0, 50, 100, and 200 lb of nitrogen/ac, but only those for the 0 and 100 lb/ac treatments were compared because it was evident that the 100 lb/ac treatment would provide a larger financial return than either 50 or 200 lb/ac. The mean increase in sawtimber volume due to fertilization with 100 lb of N/ac was 1,226 bd ft/ac for stands on the till soils and 775 bd ft/ac for stands on the outwash soils. Increases in studwood volume were 293 and 172 bd ft/ac, respectively. The average stand value increase due to fertilization, with a sawtimber price of $100/thousand bd ft and a studwood price of $50/thousand bd ft, was $135/ac on the till soils and $87/ac on the outwash soils.

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  TB148: Alternative Forage Plants for Native (Wild) Bees Associated with Lowbush Blueberry, Vaccinium spp., in Maine

  C. S. Stubbs, H. A. Jacobson, E. A. Osgood, and F. A. Drummond

  To determine potentially suitable alternative food sources for important native bee pollinators of blueberry, the primary objectives of the present research were (1) to compile the published North American nectar, pollen, and flower records; (2) to analyze the pollen loads of native bees associated with Vaccinium spp. in Maine; and (3) to survey distribution and abundance patterns of native bee populations in Maine blueberry fields.

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  TB149: Wood Property-Age Relationships of Natural and Plantation-Grown Red Pine

  Robert K. Shepard and James E. Shottafer

  This study examined changes in specific gravity, modulus of rupture, and modulus of elasticity with age for a natural stand and two plantations. It also examined differences in wood properties between the three stands and the effects of important variables on, and their interactions with, wood properties. Wood property data were obtained from microbending specimens selected at breast height from five trees in each stand.

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  TB151: The Balsam Gall Midge--An Economic Pest of Balsam Fir Christmas Trees

  E. A. Osgood, R. L. Bradbury, and F. A. Drummond

  This technical bulletin summarizes all previous published research on the balsam gall midge. Also included are new data on the effect of late bud burst on midge oviposition and the degree of population regulation of the gallmaker by its inquiline.

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  TB139: Stand Age and Density Effects on Volume and Specific Gravity of Black Spruce

  Robert K. Shepard, James E. Shottafer, and William C. Bragg

  Ten dominant or codominant trees were sampled from a 29-year-old black spruce stand, released at age 19, and ten of comparable dbh from a 77-year-old, unthinned stand. A variety of characteristics, including taper, volume, and specific gravity of the bole, as well as the change in specific gravity with age at breast height, were determined for trees from both stands. The older trees had significantly less taper, shorter crowns, approximately 1.9 times more merchantable volume and 10% higher specific gravity. The juvenile period for specific gravity was approximately 60 years. The higher specific gravity and merchantable volume of the older trees resulted in approximately 2.1 times more solid wood in the merchantable bole.

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  TB142: Mayflies of Maine: An Annotated Faunal List

  Steven K. Burian and K. Elizabeth Gibbs

  The purpose of this study is to determine the composition and distribution of the mayfly fauna and to reference all pertinent taxonomic, ecologic, and biologic data.

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  TB143: Reproductive Phenologies of Selected Flowering Plants in Eastern Maine Forests

  R. W. Hansen, S. B. Hansen, and E. A. Osgood

  This technical bulletin documents both flowering and fruiting patterns during the spring and summer of 1982 of plant species found in eastern Maine forests.

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  TB145: Chemical and Physical Properties of the Fryeburg, Lovewell, Cornish, and Charles Soil Map Units

  R. V. Rourke

  Four soil map units from the flood plains of the Saco and Androscoggin rivers were sampled at five locations each. Soil morphology was described at each site, and samples of the soil were taken for later laboratory analyses. Chemical and physical properties of the soil were analyzed in the laboratory. The morphologic and laboratory data are presented for each pedon sampled and as summaries using weighted means of laboratory data for each soil map unit. Organic carbon measurements are presented at other sites of similar drainages and positions to demonstrate the variable carbon content.

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  TB146: The Eccentric Bogs of Maine: A Rare Wetland Type in the United States

  Ronald B. Davis and Dennis S. Anderson

  The specific objectives of this project were to (1) map the distribution in Maine of eccentric bogs; (2) map the surface physical features and vegetation of a large sample of Maine's eccentric bogs; (3) determine for these bogs the vascular plant, bryophyte, and lichen flora; types and structure of vegetation; peat interstitial water chemistry; relationships between vegetation-flora and water chemistry; subsurface features relating to origins and development; and (4) evaluate the bogs for their unique and exemplary characteristics an d recommend certain of them to the Maine Critica l Areas Program for designation as Critical Areas.

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  TB147: Simulating the Development of Mexican Bean Beetle Immature Stages, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), on Dry Beans

  Yuqing Fan, Francis A. Drummond, and Eleanor Groden

  A computer model was developed to simulate and predict the phenology of Mexican bean beetle (MBB), Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, populations on dry beans, Phaseolus vulgaris. Time-varying distributed developmental rates of the egg, four larval instars, and pupal stages were simulated with degree day models, based on a standardized cumulative probability distribution function from a range of constant temperature experiments. Predictions from the simulation model provided a good fit to the observed constant temperature data and field experiments. Using temperature data in the form of daily maximums and minimums, the model can be used to predict the occurrence of immature MBB stages under field conditions, when the frequency distribution of egg mass recruitment is known.

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  TB137: Chemical and Physical Properties of the Aurelie, Burnham, Easton, Lille, Linneus, Monadnock, Nicholville, and Tunbridge Soil Map Units

  Robert V. Rourke

  Eight soil map units were sampled at five locations in Maine. The morphology of each site was described and samples were taken from each pedon by horizon for laboratory analyses. Soil samples were analyzed to determine their physical and chemical properties. The data were compiled into composite soil profiles using weighted means. Soil profile descriptions accompanied by the analyses of each pedon sampled are presented.

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  TB138: Variability Factors Involved with Land Application of Papermill Sludge

  Charles R. Kraske and Ivan J. Fernandez

  The goal of this case study was to assess two components of variability associated with the land application of papermill sludge. These included (1) changes occurring within a temporary sludge stockpile, and (2) spatial variability of application to the site. Understanding the magnitude of such changes will assist in accounting for variability inherent in such land application operations.

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  TB140: Milk Processing and Distribution Costs: The Maine Model

  Steven L. Jacobs and George K. Criner

  The objective of this study is to estimate the theoretically lowest achievable costs of processing and distributing milk in Maine. Costs are estimated for two state-of-the-art processing plants. The first plant produces and distributes a full line of products, including white milk, chocolate milk, orange juice, buttermilk, and distributes additional products such as cheeses and yogurts. The other plant produces a limited line of products including white milk packaged in plastic gallon and plastic half-gallon containers only. Both hypothetical plants are assumed to be located in the Portland, Maine, area.

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  TB134: A Laboratory Study to Assess Methods for Predicting pH Change of Ash Amended Forest Soils

  Yvonne L. Unger and Ivan J. Fernandez

  The objective of this study was to compare several commonly used lime requirement tests and soil capacity factors for their ability to predict pH change following wood-ash amendment. The ability to predict pH change is important because it is one of the criteria used to prescribe rates of ash amendment to forest soils.

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  TB135: The Estimation of the Returns to Agricultural Research and Extension in Maine: 1951-1985

  James D. Leiby and Gregory Adams

  The purpose of this report is to determine a statistical estimate of the returns to agricultural research at the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station during the period 1950 through 1986. The approach taken here follows most of the recent literature regarding the estimation of returns to agricultural research, by estimating an econometric production function and deriving an internal rate of return on both research and extension expenditures within the state of Maine. This estimate is derived using ridge regression techniques. The approach taken here differs somewhat from much of the returns to research literature in that it focuses on a single state, while most other work in this area considers the country as a whole. In addition the estimates here take explicit account of benefits accruing from outside of the state.

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  TB136: Methodology Development for Study of Root Influences on Nitrogen Mineralization

  M. S. Erich

  The current study was designed to explore a particular set of methodologies for addressing the question of whether plant root growth affects the rate of N mineralization. Specifically, the experimental design involved supplying plants with only organic N as manure and no nitrate. A highly sandy growing medium was used in an attempt to prevent overly wet conditions in the pots. In addition, instead of only comparing planted and unplanted pots, four different planting densities (0, 1, 2, 3 plants per pot ) were used as treatments.

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  TB130: Sequential Sampling in Surveys of Overwintering Larvae of Spruce Budworm, Choristoneuera fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

  J. B. Dimond and Henry Trial Jr.

  A sequential sampling system for classifying infestation levels of overwintering larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, (Clemens), is described. Sequential tables for critical densities of larvae on balsam fir and red spruce are presented for 70%, 80%, and 90%, confidence intervals. The system is based on data collected in Maine and uses a maximum of 6 branches, 3 from fir and 3 from spruce. Simulations illustrating error rates and effort saved using the system are discussed.

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  TB131: Tree Improvement in the Northeast: Interim Summary and Recommendations for Selected Species

  K. K. Carter, D. H. DeHayes, M. E. Demeritt Jr., and R. T. Eckert

  This publication of the regional research project NE-27, Genetics and Improvement of Northeastern Trees, is intended to provide an overview of current knowledge regarding genetic variation and tree improvement practices for eleven common tree species in the Northeast. The authors have attempted to summarize the information that will be most useful to forest managers, administrators, and field foresters in this region. Our intent is to be informative, not exhaustive.

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  TB132: An Annotated Bibliography of Predator Research in Maine, 1974-1988

  Stephen M. Arthur and William B. Krohn

  From 1974 to 1988, graduate students (13 M.S. and 5 Ph.D.) and faculty members from the University of Maine conducted a series of studies regarding the ecology of coyotes, red foxes, bobcats, pine martens, fishers, otters, and their prey. This research was reported in 67 theses, journal articles, or other reports, which are abstracted here. An introductory section summarizes the major findings.

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  TB133: Experimental Stream Application of B.t.i. for Human Nuisance Black Fly Management in a Recreational Area

  K. Elizabeth Gibbs, Rhonda J. Boyer, Brian P. Molloy, and Dorothy A. Hutchins

  Biting and swarming black flies are abundant in Maine and can cause serious discomfort to humans, especially in recreational areas where their presence may substantially decrease satisfaction in outdoor activities. In 1985, 1986 and 1987 a series of experimental applications of B.t.i. was made on property owned by the Sugarloaf Mountain Corporation. The 198 5 study determined the persistenc e o f B.t.i. in stream and river water and the concentration necessary to achieve >90% mortality in black fly larvae. It also indicated that B.t.i. had no detectable impact on non-target organisms. In 1986 and 1987 the objective was to determine if controlling the black fly larvae in streams within the Sugarloaf property would result in decreasing adult human nuisance flies to an acceptable level.

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  TB125: Fertilization of Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus L.) in Maine Shows Economic Potential

  Robert K. Shepard and Thomas B. Brann

  Plots in seven eastern white pine sawlog stands were treated with nitrogen at rates of 0, 56, 112, and 224 kg/ha. After four years the largest increase in basal area growth, 0.31 dm2 /tree, and volume growth, 13.0 m3 /ha, occurred in plots that received 112 kg/ha. It appears that an application rate of 112 kg/ha may provide a real return of 15% or more in some stands.

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  TB126: Vertical Trends in the Chemistry of Forest Soil Microcosms Following Experimental Acidification

  Ivan J. Fernandez

  A soil microcosm experiment was conducted (a) to compare dilute H2SO4, NH4NO3 fertilizer, and prilled S as possible experimental soil-acidifying treatments and (b) to observe soil chemical response to simulated throughfall and acidifying treatments. Simulated throughfall had a significant effect on soil chemistry, resulting in increased exchangeable bases and pH in the mineral soil horizons but little effect on the O horizon. Of the acidification treatments only simulated acid rain had significant effects on soil chemistry when compared to the control and the dry treatments. This reflected the relatively slow dissolution rate of the dry treatments coupled with the short duration of the experiment. Simulated acid rain decreased exchangeable base cations and pH while increasing exchangeable Al. The 2.5-cm layer of Bs horizon material immediately below the abrupt E horizon boundary proved to be the soil layer most responsive to chemical alteration.

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  TB127: Age and Thinning Effects on Wood Properties of Red Spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.)

  Michael P. Wolcott, Robert K. Shepard, and James E. Shottafer

  Ten overstory red spruce were selected from a thinned stand and 1 0 from an unthinned stand. Average age of sample trees was approximately 80 years. Specific gravity reached a maximum at age 53 in the thinned stand and age 72 in the unthinned stand, after which it remained relatively constant. Stiffness reached a maximum at ages 35 and 50, and bending strength at ages 41 and 54; both remained relatively constant with further increases in age. Stiffness showed the largest relative difference between juvenile and mature wood, 22%, and specific gravity the smallest difference, 8%. Thinning did not adversely affect any of the properties, even though the width of some growth rings was increased by three to four times. These results suggest that (1) growth of mature red spruce stands can be increased by thinning without affecting wood physical properties, and (2) intensive management practices designed to shorten the rotation age may lead to stands that have not begun to produce mature wood before they are harvested. These short-rotation stands will contain a higher percentage of juvenile wood than stands presently being harvested, which means that pulp yields will decrease and the material will be less suitable for structural lumber.

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  TB128: Beauveria bassiana for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Maine

  R. H. Storch and J. F. Dill

  Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuill. (Bb), a fungal pathogen of the Colorado potato beetle has been used to control CPB in Europe. Preliminary studies in the United States gave promising results for CPB control by using the fungus. Based on these studies, a three-year pilot program was initiated to evaluate the potential for using Bb o control the Colorado potato beetle in the U.S. We report herein on the results obtained in southern Maine from using this mycoinsecticide to control the beetle.

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  TB129: Chemical Control of Balsam Gall Midge Paradiplosis tumifex Gagne (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

  R. L. Bradbury and E. A. Osgood

  This study was undertaken to test new insecticides for control of the balsam gall midge and to determine effectiveness of later insecticide application in order to expand the effective period for control.

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  Patterns of Tree Mortality During an Uncontrolled Spruce Budworm Outbreak in Baxter State Park, 1983

  Akira Osawa, Charles J. Spies III, and John B. Dimond

  A forest inventory of Baxter State Park, Maine, was done during the summer and fall of 1983 to study the patterns of mortality in balsam fir and in the red-black spruce complex during an uncontrolled spruce budworm outbreak. The volume of trees that died during the outbreak was estimated at 40% of the original quantity. Fir mortality was consistently greater than that of spruce. The percentage mortality of spruce was always greater in the higher elevation zone than in the lower elevation zone. Percentage mortality of fir and spruce showed inconsistent patterns in relation to the proportion of hardwood species basal area and to the proportion of fir basal area in a stand. However, those mortality patterns tended to be pronounced when the overall tree mortality was relatively high. Hypotheses on the mechanisms producing the tree mortality patterns during a budworm outbreak were summarized and observed tree mortality patterns were then interpreted according to those hypotheses. Most observed patterns could be explained by more than one hypothesis. It was suggested that complex processes were responsible for developing certain tree mortality patterns, and a deductive method based on the simple observations would not reveal the true mechanisms.

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  TB116: Integrated Systems for Managing Potatoes in the Northeast

  G. B. White and S. S. Lazarus

  This technical bulletin presents the results of a research project developed to determine the feasibility of using an integrated pest management (IPM) system to improve economic and environmental benefits for the Northeast region. Research was conducted to develop and evaluate IPM techniques. These techniques were then tested, improved, and implemented in pilot programs on commercial potato farms in Suffolk County and Steuben County, New York, and Aroostook County, Maine.

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  TB118: Composition of Precipitation at the National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network (NADP/NTN) Site in Greenville, Maine

  Ivan J. Fernandez, Llew Wortman, and Stephen A. Norton

  This report presents results of the analyses of samples collected at the Greenville, Maine, NADP station. The Greenville NADP/NTN station is in Piscataquis County at longitude 69°39'52" and latitude 4S°29'23" at approximately 322 meters elevation.

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  TB119: Selected Relationships for Trace Metals in Maine Low Elevation Spruce-Fir Forest Floors

  Ivan J. Fernandez and Miroslaw M. Czapowskyj

  Results from the analysis of trace metals in the forest floor from three study areas northern Maine commercial spruce-fir stands showed significant, positive correlations were frequently evident between ash-free concentrations of Individual pairs of trace metals. Only Pb concentrations at one location were found to vary significantly among soil drainage classes. Overall, ash-free trace metal concentrations were less than what has been found at sites receiving high loadings of atmospheric deposition in the Northeast. Few historical data are available to adequately determine if Maine forest floor trace metal concentrations are greater than the natural levels expected in commercial forests, but it appears possible that current concentrations reflect contributions from the atmosphere above background conditions.

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  TB120: Alternative Assessment of Individual Dietary Intake--A Pilot Study

  Paula A. Quatromoni and Richard A. Cook

  In an initial effort to devise a rapid assessment alternative that would provide a reliable estimate of an individual's usual dietary pattern, a Predicted Food List (estimated, abbreviated food frequency), an Actual Food List (recorded, truncated food frequency), and a Typical Diet Day (foods perceived as commonly consumed in a 24-hour period) were compared with a 75-day food record. Overall, the Predicted Food List appeared to be the best tool for depicting an individual's usual food intake. It was concluded that a shortened list of food items characterizing an individual's normal nutrient intake level may be a useful instrument allowing rapid screening of selected "at risk" nutrients.

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  TB122: Comparison of Alpha- and Beta-Carotene Content of Supermarket vs Roadside Stand Produce in Maine

  R. J. Bushway; A, Yang; and A. M. Yamani

  A study was conducted to determine the alpha- and beta-carotene content of supermarket vs roadside stand produce using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The fruits and vegetables were obtained from a major local supermarket chain and three roadside stands in Dixmont, Etna and Charleston, ME. Thirteen vegetables and one fruit were sampled during a ten-week period between July and September of 1985. Significant differences at the 0.05 level were observed between supermarket and roadside stand produce for only Swiss chard and green peppers with roadside stands having higher beta-carotene levels in both instances. Alpha-carotene was shown to be nonsignificant among sources at the 0.05 level in all cases.

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  TB123: Experimental Application of B.t.i. for Larval Black Fly Control: Persistance and Downstream Carry, Efficacy, Impact on Non-target Invertebrates and Fish Feeding

  K. Elizabeth Gibbs, Francis C. Brautigam, Constance S. Stubbs, and Larry M. Zibilske

  In the summer of 1985 a field experiment was conducted in the Sugarloaf area of Maine on the use of B.t.i. to reduce the numbers of black fly larvae in the Carrabassett River and a tributary stream. The objectives were to determine the rate of application necessary to produce an acceptable reduction in black fly larvae, to study the fate and persistence of B.t.i. in a stream following application, to determine the impact of B.t.i. on the abundance and drift of non-target stream insects and on the feeding success and diet composition of fishes in the treated streams.

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  TB124: Chemical Control of Balsam Twig Aphid, Midarus abietinus Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae)

  R. L. Bradbury and E. A. Osgood

  This study was initiated to provide Christmas tree growers with a selection of insecticides capable of effective control of balsam twig aphid (Mindarus abietinus Koch) on balsam fir. Low rates of active ingredients were tested to assure minimal environmental impact and reduced chemical costs

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  TB115: Growth and Development of the Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Fed Foliage of Three Solanum Species

  A. A. Melville, R. H. Storch, R. J. Bushway, and A. R. Alford

  The purpose of this study was to compare growth and development of CPB larvae fed Solanum chacoense and Solanum demissum with those reared on S. tuberosum.

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  TB117: Techniques for Using the Growth and Behavior of Imprinted Ducklings to Evaluate Habitat Quality

  Malcolm L. Hunter Jr., Jack W. Witham, and Jody Jones

  We developed a technique for evaluating duckling habitat quality that is based on two assumptions. In good habitat young birds (1) grow rapidly and thus are better able t o survive stresses such as inclement weather, and (2) spend relatively less time moving about in search of food and more time resting and thus are less conspicuous to predators. We imprinted artificially incubated and hatched ducklings by being present at the time of hatching; i.e., the ducklings thought we were their mother. Ducklings were split into broods and placed on ponds where their growth was measured and their behavior monitored for several days. Comparisons of growth rates and behavioral time budgets allowed us to determine which ponds were better habitat. This paper describes techniques for imprinting, duckling husbandry, and measurement of growth and behavior.

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  TB112: Chemical Control of the Spruce Budmoth, Zeiraphera canadensis Mut. And Free. (Lepidoptera: Olethreuthidae) on White Spruce in Maine

  J. A. Holmes and E. A. Osgood

  The principle objectives of the current study were to determine through preliminary qualitative surveys, the distribution, abundance, and species composition of budmoth in Maine; and to gain satisfactory control of the budmoth through the proper timing of insecticides.

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  TB113: A Field Test of Mating-Suppression Using the Spruce Budworm Sex Pheromone

  J. B. Dimond, D. G. Mott, W. P. Kemp, and J. H. Krall

  Spruce budworm sex pheromone was dispersed from aircraft over forest land in Maine in late June, 1980. A major goal was to sample pheromone concentrations in air to determine whether the formulation would provide the steady, sustained release of chemical believed required for interfering with the mating process of the moths. Since pheromone was going to be applied for purposes of analyses of air, we believed we should also study some behavioral effects on spruce budworm populations. The principal body of data involved the ability of male budworm moths to orient to point sources of pheromone in pheromone-treated and untreated forest blocks, but attempts were also made to monitor fertility levels among females and to measure populations of eggs.

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  TB114: A List of the Lepidoptera of Maine--Part 2: The Microlepidoptera Section 2 Cosmopterigidae through Hepialidae

  Auburn E. Brower

  The third volume in the Lepidoptera of Maine series. This one focusing on the Microlepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae through Hepialidae.

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  TB109: A List of the Lepidoptera of Maine--Part 2: The Microlepidoptera Section 1 Limacodidae Through Cossidae

  Auburn E. Brower

  The second volume in the Lepidoptera of Maine series. This one focusing on the Microlepidoptera, Limacodidae through Cossidae

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  TB110: The Biology and Ecology of Dioryctria resinosella Mutuura (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on Young Red Pine in Maine

  G. S. Patterson, R. A. Tracy, and E. A. Osgood

  The purpose of this research was to study the life cycle and behavior, mortality factors of Dioryctria resinosella and to evaluate its impact on red pine plantations in Maine and rear the insect in the laboratory.

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  TB111: An Examination of Alternative Investment Strategies for Potato Market Improvement Funds

  Raymond J. Nowak and Alan S. Kezis

  The primary objective of this study was to implement Potato Market Improvement Fund policy objectives and industry goals, using current production, storage, and packing operation data, to suggest alternative investment strategies for PMIF dollars.

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  TB104: An Analysis of Moisture Content Variation in Eastern Spruce and Balsam Fir in Maine

  James E. Shottafer and Allen M. Brackley

  This study was undertaken as an attempt to develop some estimate of the characteristic moisture content of green eastern spruce (Picea spp.) and balsam fir (Abies balsame a (L. ) Mill.), employing the methods prescribed under the Maine Weights and Measures Law. Certain procedural factors and conditions of growth were also considered, to evaluate their effect on the moisture content of the wood at the time of harvesting or shortly after cutting.

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  TB105: The Composition of Equilibrium Soil Solutions from Forest Soil B Horizons

  Ivan J. Fernandez and Roland A. Struchtemeyer

  The objective of the present study was to evaluate the composition of B horizon equilibrium soil solutions from selected Maine forest soils. The B horizon was chosen for evaluation because it (1) best expressed the weathering processes active in the soil, (2) occupied the greatest volume of the solum, (3) had the most complex chemistry of the major horizons, and (4) provided the major corridor in forested ecosystems for subsurface flow and chemical alteration of ground waters.