Miscellaneous Reports of the Maine Agricultural & Forest Experiment Station | Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station

The Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station is the University of Maine College of Natural Sciences, Forestry, and Agriculture’s center for applied and basic research in agriculture and food sciences, forestry and wood products, marine sciences, fisheries and aquaculture, wildlife, outdoor recreation, and rural economic development. The station’s programs strive to enhance the profitability and sustainability of Maine’s natural resource-based industries, protect Maine’s environment, and improve the health of its citizens. The first miscellaneous report was published in 1948 and the series continues today with a focus on results from long-term environmental monitoring research, local inventories, species taxonomy works, social surveys. Older miscellaneous reports will be added to this site as they are scanned.

Printing is not supported at the primary Gallery Thumbnail page. Please first navigate to a specific Image before printing.

MR449: Allagash Wilderness Waterway Visitor Survey 2019

John J. Daigle and Ashley Cooper

Quality in outdoor recreation can be defined as the degree to which recreation opportunities provide the experiences for which they are designed and managed. Key to protecting the backcountry experiences is an understanding of the different types of visitors to the Allagash Wilderness Waterway, each one with different needs and expectations, and the different levels of importance they place on recreation opportunities and conditions. In this report, visitor management implications and suggested further research focus on the diversity of use of the Allagash Wilderness Waterway in order to maximize the quality of the visitor experiences while protecting the unique natural setting.
MR448: Bees and Their Habitats in Four New England States

Alison C. Dibble, Francis A. Drummond, Anne L. Averill, Kalyn Bickerman-Martens, Sidney C. Bosworth, Sara L. Bushman, Aaron K. Hoshide, Megan E. Leach, Kim Skyrm, Eric Venturini, and Annie White

Bees are crucial to pollination in unmanaged ecosystems and some crops, and their roles are increasingly understood in four states in the Northeastern U.S., abbreviated “NNE” in this paper: Maine (ME), Massachusetts (MA), New Hampshire (NH), and Vermont (VT). The four states have in common many native bee and plant species, forest types, and natural communities. They share drought events and risk of wildfire (Irland 2013). They are exposed to many of the same major storms (e.g., hurricanes, Foster 1988), pollution events (Hand et al. 2014), and effects ascribed to climate change (Hayhoe et al. 2008). Beekeeping enterprises (the western honey bee, Apis mellifera, an introduced species) of various sizes exist in each of the states. By including the four states in this review, we hope to better understand wild bee distributions, inspire the expansion of floral resources to support bee populations in a strategic manner, reduce use of pesticides, create pollinator corridors, and protect subtle habitat features such as ground nest sites for solitary bees and patches of native vegetation that are free of invasive plants.

Our objective in this review is to synthesize from a conservation standpoint the state of knowledge regarding bees in NNE, including their diversity, and biology especially as it relates to climate change. We review foraging and nutrition, nest ecology, parasites and parasitoids, native vs. managed bees, and interactions with plants. We then turn our focus to bee habitats, and identify 15 habitat types we find useful for recognizing essential bee resources. We discuss habitat aspects including forest succession, invasive plants, land use alterations, and agriculture including impacts of pesticides, and cover economic aspects of crop-related pollination reservoirs in NNE that demonstrate cost-effectiveness at various scales. We present habitat improvement strategies including passive and active approaches, based on the literature and our experiences in NNE, and we suggest plants for pollinator plantings. Wherever pertinent throughout the text, we highlight threats to bees in our region such as pests and pathogens, pesticides, and habitat loss. Finally, we identify gaps in knowledge that could help in prioritizing directions for future research. We hope this review will be useful to anyone seeking to protect bees and their habitats.
MR448: Bees and Their Habitats in Four New England States

Alyson C. Dibble, Francis A. Drummons, Anne L. Averill, Kalyn Bickerman-Martens, Sydney C. Bosworth, Sara L. Bushmann, Aaron K. Hoshide, Megan E. Leach, Kim Skyrm, Eric Venturini, and Annie White

Bees are crucial to pollination in unmanaged ecosystems and some crops, and their roles are increasingly understood in four states in the Northeastern U.S., abbreviated “NNE” in this paper: Maine (ME), Massachusetts (MA), New Hampshire (NH), and Vermont (VT). The four states have in common many native bee and plant species, forest types, and natural communities. They share drought events and risk of wildfire (Irland 2013). They are exposed to many of the same major storms (e.g., hurricanes, Foster 1988), pollution events (Hand et al. 2014), and effects ascribed to climate change (Hayhoe et al. 2008). Beekeeping enterprises (the western honey bee, Apis mellifera, an introduced species) of various sizes exist in each of the states. By including the four states in this review, we hope to better understand wild bee distributions, inspire the expansion of floral resources to support bee populations in a strategic manner, reduce use of pesticides, create pollinator corridors, and protect subtle habitat features such as ground nest sites for solitary bees and patches of native vegetation that are free of invasive plants.

Our objective in this review is to synthesize from a conservation standpoint the state of knowledge regarding bees in NNE, including their diversity, and biology especially as it relates to climate change. We review foraging and nutrition, nest ecology, parasites and parasitoids, native vs. managed bees, and interactions with plants. We then turn our focus to bee habitats, and identify 15 habitat types we find useful for recognizing essential bee resources. We discuss habitat aspects including forest succession, invasive plants, land use alterations, and agriculture including impacts of pesticides, and cover economic aspects of crop-related pollination reservoirs in NNE that demonstrate cost-effectiveness at various scales. We present habitat improvement strategies including passive and active approaches, based on the literature and our experiences in NNE, and we suggest plants for pollinator plantings. Wherever pertinent throughout the text, we highlight threats to bees in our region such as pests and pathogens, pesticides, and habitat loss. Finally, we identify gaps in knowledge that could help in prioritizing directions for future research. We hope this review will be useful to anyone seeking to protect bees and their habitats.
MR446: Profiles of Sixteen Eastern Maine Fishing Communities

Teresa R. Johnson, Kevin Athearn, Sara Randall, Marina Garland, Katelyn Ross, Ken Cline, Chris Petersen, Robin Alden, and Carla Guenther

In the United States, a number of legal mandates require social impact assessments of proposed federal fisheries management and other actions. However, too often there are insufficient data with which to conduct social impact assessments for fisheries management, in part because these data are expensive and time consuming to collect and social science for SIAs is typically underfunded. To address this lack of data, these authors profiled 16 fishing communities in eastern Maine (Vinalhaven, Stonington, Bar Harbor, Northeast Harbor, Southwest Harbor, Bass Harbor, Swan’s Island, Steuben, Winter Harbor, Gouldsboro, Milbridge, Jonesport, Beals, Bucks Harbor, Lubec, and Eastport), focusing on the communities in eastern Maine currently or historically engaged in the New England groundfish fishery. The profiles are based on a rapid assessment to document the current infrastructure and updated with social, economic, and demographic data available from the 2010 U.S. Census and with 2011 state and federal license data.
MR447: Seasonal Water Table and Temperature Relationships in Calcareous Till and Residual Soils of Central Maine

David E. Turcotte, Christopher C. Dorion, Nicholas R. Butler, and Ivan J. Fernandez

Water table depths and soil temperatures were monitored for four growing seasons in six calcareous till pedons developed on gently rolling to level till plains in Corinth and Exeter, Maine. These soils are part of a new catena that supports potato production in southeastern Penobscot County. Three of these coarse-loamy to fine-loamy pedons are moderately well drained Oxyaquic Eutrudepts taxadjuncts in potato fields, and three are somewhat poorly drained Aquic Dystric Eutrudepts in predominantly deciduous forest. Soil morphology, hydrologic data, and a,a dipyridyl applications support the described subgroup classification of each pedon, along with the udic moisture regime. Despite a smooth, glaciated landscape that would suggest the presence of extensive lodgment till, five observation sites lacked a densic contact and one contained residuum (saprolite) in the substratum. Apparent water tables in the SPD very deep soils, as well as oxyaquic hydrology in the deep soils on 0 to 3 percent slopes, suggest the more permeable subglacial melt-out till predominating, rather than lodgment till in all of these pedons. Growing season concepts were compared based on frost-free season at 0 and -2.2° C thresholds, soil temperatures in the plow layer, soil temperature at 50 cms and well-water temperature. The commencement of the growing season in the spring did not differ much across all five concepts. However, in the fall there was a 4- to 8-week lag between the air or shallower soil-temperature growing-season concepts and the deeper soil or well-water-temperature growing-season concepts. Daytime air temperature during the first 2 years of monitoring differed significantly between spring and fall seasons, but not between field and forest sites within each season.
MR445: Maine Wild Blueberry Growers: A 2010 Economic and Sociological Analysis of a Traditional Downeast Crop in Transition

Anya Rose, Francis A. Drummond, David E. Yarborough, and Eric Asare

An extensive mail survey of Maine wild blueberry growers was conducted in spring 2010, the first extensive survey of growers in almost three decades (1974). The objective of the survey was to quantify the diversity of growers’ philosophies, management practices, and perspectives on their priorities in producing blueberries. We also wanted to identify the sources of new information upon which growers rely. Our results are based on 100 responses from a grower population of 353. We asked growers to place themselves into one of four categories representing distinct approaches to management: conventional (12%), integrated pest management (IPM, 65%), organic (13%), or no-spray (11%). Conventional and IPM growers incorporated more pesticides into their production than organic and no-spray growers. IPM growers, however, were more likely than conventional growers to monitor their fields for pests and need for fertilizer. Conventional growers harvested fewer acres, made less money from blueberries, and were less likely to attend University of Maine Cooperative Extension (UMCE) meetings than IPM growers. No-spray growers were similar to organic, with a few differences. No-spray growers used herbicides and fertilizers whereas organic growers used sulfur and pulled weeds by hand. No-spray growers made less of their income from blueberries, were less likely to grow blueberries full time, and were less likely to attend UMCE meetings regularly than organic growers. Conventional and IPM growers (pesticide adopters) shared similar goals: making a profit, maintaining land value, providing healthy food for the public, and leaving a legacy for their family. Pesticide-avoiders (organic and no-spray)—characterized by their minimal use of pesticides and lower likelihood to rent or purchase commercial bees—also shared similar goals: providing healthy food for the public, making a profit, and being a steward of the environment. In general a few trends were observed for all growers. Field size was associated with management intensity and education level, and years as a grower had little influence on production practices.
MR441: An Evaluation of Turfgrass Secies and Varieties: Kentucky Bluegrass

Annamarie Pennucci and Alan R. Langille

The bluegrasses rank highest among those grasses used as amenity turfgrasses. They comprise the most important, most popular, and the most richly colored of all turfgrasses and have found excellent adaptation in the United States, Europe, and the cooler regions of Asia. The bluegrasses, and in particular the Kentucky bluegrasses, have been subjected to the most rigorous breeding and screening efforts, with the resulting release of the greatest numbers of improved cultivars of any turfgrass species. The 2000 National Turfgrass Evaluation Programs (NTEP) Kentucky Bluegrass Trial (High Maintenance) included 173 cultivars that were evaluated for their tolerance to and performance under normal mid-Maine conditions.
MR442: Business Climate for Maine's Environmental and Energy Technology Sector

Caroline L. Noblet and Todd M. Gabe

This report presents findings from a survey that concentrated on issues pertaining to Maine’s business climate for the environmental and energy technology sector. The Environmental and Energy Technology (E2Tech) Council of Maine commissioned the survey, with support from the Maine Technology Institute’s Cluster Enhancement Award. The survey, conducted during the summer of 2006, collected information on the factors believed to affect the business climate for Maine’s environmental and energy technology sector, including availability of external investment, skilled workforce, collaboration among firms and in-state partners. Information on state characteristics (e.g., taxes, state/local government support, location relative to key inputs) that may affect growth potential was also captured on the survey.
MR443: Maine Coastal Islands Visitor Survey 2006--Deer Isle/Stonington Region

Andres J. Ednie and John J. Daigle

This research was designed to help the Maine Island Trail Association and others interested in the management of the Maine’s coastal islands. This report presents results from an island-monitoring program in which we inventoried social conditions on a subset of the public islands on the Maine Island Trail. This research was designed to build on the ecological inventory developed by the task force and to help MITA and other groups to manage the islands by determining characteristics of the Maine island visit, including activities, use patterns, method of travel, length of stay; determining characteristics of the visitors, including types of groups, previous experience, place of residence, socio-demographic descriptions, visitor satisfaction and preferences; determining visitor attitudes toward management actions; and analyzing relationships between items listed
MR439: An Evaluation of Turfgrass Species and Varieties: Fineleaf fescues

Alan R. Langille

The fineleaf fescues comprise 28 species of perennial grasses in the genus Festuca. The fescue species represented in the United States include deeply rooted grasses with both wide and narrow leaf types, bunch and spreading plant morphologies, and tolerances to a wide variety of environmental conditions. Several of these species exhibit desirable characteristics for turfgrass use: adaptation to cool, humid regions, tolerance to droughty acidic soils, excellent wear and shade tolerance, deep, erosion-resistant root systems and rapid recovery following mowing. This report presents the results of Maine trials in the 1998 National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP) Fineleaf Fescue Trial, which evaluated 79 varieties representing four species: Chewing’s fescue, creeping red fescue, hard fescue, sheep fescue, and blue sheep fescue
MR436: Allagash Wilderness Waterway Vistor Survey 2003

John J. Daigle

During the spring, summer, and fall seasons of 2003, visitors to the Allagash Wilderness Waterway were asked to participate in a user survey. The user survey was designed to elicit information from respondents on a variety of variables to determine characteristics of the visit, including activities, method of travel on the waterway, length of stay, camping conditions encountered, and to determine visitor preferences, including satisfactions with resource and social conditions encountered at campsites and while traveling on the watercourse. Information was collected from visitors using two survey instruments: a short visitor survey card and a more extensive mail-back questionnaire. A total of 531 questionnaires were mailed to visitors. Visitors returned 454 usable questionnaires for an 87% response rate.
MR437: An Evaluation of Turfgrass Species and Varieties: The bentgrasses

Annamarie Pennucci and Alan R. Langille

In the genus Agrostis, the four species employed as turfgrasses include creeping bentgrass (A. palustris Huds., A. stolonifera L.), colonial bentgrass (A. tenuis, A. capillaris), velvet bentgrass (A. canina), and, more rarely, redtop (A. alba, A. gigantea). The objective of this four-year study was to evaluate the performance of 29 commercially available bentgrass cultivars under the environmental conditions of central Maine.
MR433: Malting Quality of Maine-grown Barley

Iwan Surjawan, Michael P. Dougherty, Mary E. Camire, and John J. Jemison

Malt barley properties for three cultivars (Harrington, Klagas, and Robust) were evaluated in response to agronomic treatments: cover crops, fungicide, or nitrogen treatments. In the fungicide study, the cultivar significantly influenced protein content, β-glucan, α-amylase activity, kernel weight, and germination energy. In the nitrogen study, all the measured properties were significantly affected by the barley cultivar. The moisture range of all the barley in this study was relatively low and within the acceptable range for malting. The plots not treated with nitrogen had a lower protein content under beans-wheat (b/w) cover crop. These low protein levels suggested an acceptability for malting. Robust had the highest germination energy. Harrington and Klagas grown under b/w cover crop yielded a heavier kernel weight in the fungicide study.
MR434: Designing Effective Environmental Labels for Passenger Vehicle Sales in Maine: Results of Focus Group Research

Mario F. Teisl, Jonathan Rubin, Caroline Noblet, and Lynn Cayting

Using consumer focus groups, these researchers examined the use of eco-labeling programs for passenger car sales. The research is designed to provide policy makers and stakeholder groups some guidance in developing effective eco-information programs.
MR432: The Business Climate for Biotechnology in Maine

Thomas G. Allen and Todd M. Gabe

This report presents the findings from a survey of biotechnology firms located in Maine. The purpose of the survey, conducted during the spring of 2003, was to collect information on a variety of issues related to the companies. operations and the state.s business climate for biotechnology. Some of the issues addressed in the survey include the research and development activities of Maine biotechnology companies, partnerships formed within the biotechnology industry, and the companies’ participation in government-sponsored business assistance programs. The survey results present a “snapshot” of the industry in 2002, which can be used to establish a baseline against which to gauge future growth and changes to the industry in Maine.
MR430: An Evaluation of Turfgrass Species and Varieties: Tall Fescue

Alan R. Langille and Annamarie Pennucci

Originating in Europe, Tall fescue (Festuca anundinacea Schreb.) is a coarse-textured grass, which is characterized by a bunch-type growth habit. Tall fescue possesses a deeper, coarser and more extensive root system than the other cool- season species giving this grass excellent drought tolerance. It is propagated by seed, with an establishment rate that is more rapid than Kentucky bluegrass, but slower than perennial ryegrass. In conclusion, the improved tall fescue varieties performed surprisingly well at the Littlefield Garden at the University of Maine. Based upon this performance, this species should be given consideration as a cool-season turf species in those situations where its demonstrated attributes are consistent with the turf needs of that location and/or situation.
MR421: The Effects of Water Clarity on Economic Values and Economic Impacts of Recreational Uses of Maine's Great Ponds

Jennifer F. Schuetz, Kevin Boyle, and Roy Bouchard

No study has been done, in Maine or elsewhere, to examine how different levels of water clarity affect the values people place on lakes they visit for recreation. These are people who do not own property, but use some form of public access for lake recreation such as swimming, boating, and fishing. Specifically, we focus on these peuple, whom we will refer to as "access users," to find out who uses Maine's lakes for recreation and how their use is affected by water clarity. The specific research objectives addressed include the following: (1) Estimate the number of access users. (2) Estimate the effects of water clarity on net economic values and expenditures, and consequently economic impacts, of access users. (3) Estimate the net economic value access users place on a statewide program to protect Maine's lakes from eutrophication Data to address these objectives were collected using a mail survey sent to a random sample of Maine residents who were at least 20 years of age.
MR415: Why Not Tame the Wild Blueberry

Walter Litten and John M. Smagula

A discussion of two studies of different methods of propagating lowbush blueberry plants. These methods could be used for introducing blueberry plants into existing fields to improve field cover, or to start a blueberry field from scratch.
MR416: An Evaluation of Turfgrass Species and Varieties: Perennial Ryegrass

Alan R. Langille and Annamarie Pennucci

The ryegrasses include those popular and extensively used turfgrasses noted for their rapid germination and subsequent swift development into a suitable turf. These grasses are broadly adapted to cool temperate climates and find use in a wide array of habitats: from the seashore to mountain slopes, and in nearly all soil conditions. This report presents the results of a trial of 97 perennial ryegrass varieties at the University of Maine.
MR418: Farm Property Taxes in Maine

Thomas G. Allen and Kevin J. Boyle

The purpose of this report is to look at the effect of property taxes on agriculture in Maine using existing data sources. We investigate four specific issues: (1) whether property taxes on agricultural lands in Maine differ from the property taxes on agricultural lands at a national level; (2) whether property taxes on agricultural lands in Maine differ from the property taxes on land in nonagricultural uses in Maine; (3) whether property taxes have increased as a percentage of production costs for Maine agriculture over the past fifty years; (4) whether property taxes on agricultural lands differ for farms located in different regions of the state
MR420: Designing Effective Environmental Labels for Forest Products: Results of Focus Group Research

Mario F. Teisl, Felicia Newman, JoAnn Buono, and Melissa Hermann

Using consumer focus groups, these researchers examined the use of environmental seals-of-approval to develop a better understanding of the consumer, product, label, and regulatory-framework characteristics that may affect an eco-labeling policy’s market effectiveness. The authors present 14 recommendations concerning the use of such labels.
MR412: Wood Properties of Red Pine

Takele Deresse and Robert K. Shepard

This report describes important physical and mechanical properties of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and the factors that influence the variation in these properties. Some results from a recently completed study on red pine in Maine are presented to help illustrate and explain some of the more important concepts and relationships. In addition to studies specific to red pine, important findings on other conifers are presented for comparison with red pine and to provide a more comprehensive review of conifer wood properties. The studies on the other coniferous species help to highlight the sources of wood property variation. With the current emphasis on intensive management and shortened rotations, forest managers must give increased attention to the factors that affect wood properties and ultimately the suitability of the wood for intended uses.
MR413: An Evaluation of Turfgrass Species and Varieties: Fineleaf Fescues

Annamarie Pennucci and Alan R. Langille

The fineleaf fescues comprise 28 species of perennial grasses in the genus Festuca. The fescue species represented in the United States include deeply rooted grasses with both wide and narrow leaf types, bunch and spreading plant morphologies, and tolerances to a wide variety of environmental conditions. Several of these species exhibit desirable characteristics for turfgrass use: adaptation to cool, humid regions, tolerance to droughty acidic soils, excellent wear and shade tolerance, deep, erosion-resistant root systems and rapid recovery following mowing. This report presents the results of Maine trials in the 1993 National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP) Fineleaf Fescue Trial, which evaluated 59 varieties representing four species: Chewings fescue, creeping red fescue, hard fescue, sheep fescue, and blue sheep fescue
MR402: The Soils of Maine

John A. Ferwerda, Kenneth J. LaFlamme, Norman R. Kalloch Jr., and Robert V. Rourke

This report describes the soils of Maine. It includes information on soil formation, soil classification, soil map derivation, and map unit descriptions. This document file contains an 8.5X11-inch version of the general soil map of Maine. The full-size (22x33-inch) map is available in an accompanying file.
MR405: Response of Young Black Spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) to a Mixture of Wood Ash and Secondary Papermill Sludge

Robert K. Shepard

A study to examine the effects of a combination of wood ash and secondary papermill sludge applied to a clearcut planted to black spruce was initiated in 1987 with the cooperation of Great Northern Paper. Objectives of the study were to assess the effects of the residuals on (1) seedling growth, (2) seedling foliar element concentrations, and (3) chemical properties of the forest floor and mineral soil. This report emphasizes growth results for 1991 through 1995 and foliar element results through 1994.
MR398: Water Quality Affects Property Prices: A Case Study of Selected Maine Lakes

Holly J. Michael, Kevin J. Boyle, and Roy Bouchard

Lake-front property owners are potentially the recipients of the greatest economic gains from improved lake-water quality because the benefits of water quality can be capitalized in the price of lake-front properties. These same lake-front owners may also directly affect lake-water quality through the actions they take on their properties. The objective of this study is to estimate the effect of water clarity on lake-front property prices for selected Maine lakes using a hedonic property-price model. Hedonic models are used to estimate the share of property prices that are attributable to characteristics of the properties. The share of a property’s price that is attributable to water quality is identified through the price differentials between properties on lakes with differing levels of water quality, while controlling for other property characteristics.
MR399: Forestry-Related Nonpoint Source Pollution in Maine: A Literature Review

Craig Stafford, Mark Leathers, and Russell Briggs

A great deal of research effort has been devoted to the topic of erosion and sedimentation from forest lands. This report reviews the literature dealing with the potential sources of forestry-related nonpoint source pollution and impacts on surface water, with particular emphasis on those studies conducted in Maine and in the Northeast. This review is organized along the following topics: sediment, temperature, nitrate, phosphorus, acidity, and herbicides.
MR400: Assessing Compliance with BMPs on Harvested Sites in Maine: Final Report

Russel D. Briggs, Alan J. Kimball, and Janet Cormier

The research was designed to help answer three questions: (1) What are the documented types of impacts on water quality from forestry activities in Maine? (2) Do timber harvesters use the best management practices recommended by the state to control water pollution? (3) Are these practices effective when they are used?
MR253: A Landowner's Guide to Woodcock Management in the Northeast

Greg F. Sepik, Ray B. Owen Jr., and Malcolm W. Coulter

This report describes the spring migration and courtship, nesting, roosting, fall migration and habitat requirements of the American woodcock. It also presents specific steps that small landowners can take to enhance their property for woodcock by economically feasible methods. The report is designed for the landowner who is not a biologist, but who wants to do something for woodcock on his or her own land.
MR230: Weight Tables for Tree and Shrub Species in Maine

Harold E. Young, John H. Ribe, and Kevin Wainwright

Some biomass data on the components of tree and shrub species were collected nearly every summer from 1963 through 1978 for the express purpose of relating fresh and dry weight to the commonly measured physical dimensions of height and diameter at breast height. The first opportunity to conduct a biomass inventory occurred in 1974 in conjunction with a volume inventory of the Public Lots in Maine. In order to include all woody vegetation at least 1.0' (30 cm) in height it was decided to measure all trees 1.0" (2.5 cm) and larger on a variable point sample and to measure the smaller trees and shrubs on a small fixed plot. In 1978 all of the biomass data in the files were compiled by components within species and three new sets of equations were prepared for each species relating fresh and dry weight by component, aboveground portion and the complete tree to diameter at breast height, and to height for the small saplings. These equations are presented in tabular form extending over the range of the field data in both English and Metric units.