Date of Award

12-2014

Level of Access Assigned by Author

Campus-Only Dissertation

Degree Name

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Department

Biological Sciences

Advisor

Kevin Simon

Second Committee Member

Ivan Fernandez

Third Committee Member

Jean MacRae

Abstract

Chronic acid and nitrogen (N) deposition have become major global issues as more countries become industrialized and emissions increase. The negative impacts of excess N and acidification are well known, but their combined effects on nutrient cycling in streams are less well studied. In this research, I aimed to understand how N and acid deposition alter the cycling of phosphorus (P), how the dominant microbial process of N removal is impacted, and how resource stoichiometry and acidification affect a primary consumer. Excess N deposition can induce limitation of other nutrients such as P, and acidification of watersheds can increase abiotic sorption of P by aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) hydroxide, which can limit its bioavailability. Thus, uptake of added P was enhanced in streams receiving elevated deposition. Leaves provided a significant abiotic sink for Al, Fe, and P, suggesting that fresh leaf inputs in the Fall may play a large role in the regulation of P availability. Microbial enzyme activity indicated that excess P bound to Al on leaves may not be available for microbial use which may lead to negative effects on stream productivity. To determine the ability of microbes to remove excess N from the landscape, denitrification rates were determined across watersheds and a landscape gradient. Denitrification was positively correlated with stream nitrate concentration, but few differences were found between substrate type. Microbes possessed the potential to remove more N, but similarities between reference and treated conditions within each region suggest that N deposition is not significantly stimulating N removal, possibly due to the concurrent negative impacts of acidification. Changes in resource stoichiometry and limited capacity for excess N removal in affected watersheds led to my interest in studying the response of consumers to these stressors. Increased nutrient excretion was evident when macroinvertebrate larvae were fed P-enriched leaves. In combination with little to no growth, the results imply that nutrients are being rapidly recycled and exported but are not being assimilated, particularly in acidified water. Although the negative effects of N and acid deposition are well-studied, this research elucidates some of their combined impacts on important ecosystem processes responsible for efficient nutrient cycling.

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