Document Type

Review

Publication Date

1-2025

Abstract/ Summary

Successful management of natural spruce-fir ecosystems for multiple benefits relies on the skillful application of multi-aged silvicultural systems, owing to the different regeneration ecologies, life spans, and product values of red spruce versus balsam fir. Most common applications involve one of the three variants of the irregular shelterwood system: extended shelterwood with reserves (two cohorts); continuous cover (three cohorts); or gap-based methods that can involve gap expansion over a series of entries (three or more cohorts). Application of lesser-used group selection and single-tree selection systems using a B-D-q structure (four or more cohorts) are described.

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